Plato’s Influence on Western Civilization Essay - 3085 Words

Our country is built on a set of values derived from ancient civilizations, individuals, and city-states; both negative and positive attributes of these relics can be proven to have assisted in molding our government into a unique and prized entity. Never would one imagine that western civilization is actually inclined by theories of truth and the human beings perception of it. Few would have thought that a primitive concept could be linked to the setbacks of other societies and their forms of socialization, as well as to the success to ours. The basic concept of truth and our natural response to socialization developed an ideal image of our current day country, long before our country existed. In ancient Greece, a great philosopher named†¦show more content†¦Following events, which went on to take place further, established his dislike for the government form, thus resulting his propositions of a Utopia in The Republic. At a young age, Plato began to follow the great philos opher Socrates, which instilled his ultimate desire to pursue philosophy, rather than his destined profession in politics. Plato had grown close to Socrates and his teachings; this close connection was a cause to Plato’s finalizing opinions of Democracy. In 399 BCE Socrates was executed by the newly leading Democratic leaders of Athens, and was voted by a majority to be put to death. Plato turned in disgust from contemporary Athenian politics afterwards and went on to be the founder of the Academy; a gathering place, which one could consider a school, that housed great scholars and their revolutionizing thoughts on Mathematics, Philosophy, and Theoretical Astronomy. Due to the events of Plato’s life, he was able to develop the most profound and employed ideas associated with western civilization. His influence had such great impact that his principles are often used in modern-day establishments, from government forms, to fundamentals pertaining to philosophy, the impac ts of socialization, as well as religion. To begin an analysis of principles, there must be an understanding of human nature and his personal thoughts regarding the topic, in having that basis of knowledge one could further understand how the basicShow MoreRelatedPlatos Influence on the Western Civilization950 Words   |  4 Pages Plato and His Relation to Western Civilization Plato is one of the succinct psychologists, analyst, and scholar the world has ever had. He is a lucrative figure in the birth, generation, and early development of the western civilization. His contributions through ethics, politics, religion, symposiums, and dialogues with Socrates exemplify a myriad of his works since he was a young scholar. He participated in a number of events, theoretical appearances, and analysis, and posting of theoriesRead MoreDbq: Ancient Greek Contributions1467 Words   |  6 Pages1900-133 BC, however its influence on the Western Literate Society lasts to this day. As the Greeks expanded their empire, they spread their ideas to other countries, while also borrowing from other cultures. During this period of time, the Greeks made many significant and long-lasting contribution to our modern culture in Philosophy, Art, Democracy, Drama, Math, and Science. These givings of important ideas, inventions, and structures have had an extraordinary influence on the surrounding environmentRead MorePlatos life and contributions to society.. What is known about his past, and how he enhanced the world around him.1638 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor historical happenings. Second, one should examine Platos specific surroundings and environment. However, most of the specific biographical information about Plato is based upon assumptions and educated guesses, none of which can be proven. Third, one should examine one of the most significant people in Platos life, his teacher Socrates. There is much information to begotten from Socrates, though most of it is found indirectly in Platos writings, being that Socrates never wrote anything. FourthRead MoreThe Philosopher Who Was An Ancient Greek Philosopher Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher Plato who was an Ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy and is also one of the authors of philosophical works of a lot of influential works in Western civilization. Plato was born around the times of Circa in 428 B.C.E. and because of the lack of many sources from his time period, unfortunately, much of Plato’s work in his life has been reconstructed by scholars throughout his writings which were discovered and analyzed by very intelligent historians. Both of his biologicalRead MoreAllegory Of The Cave Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pageseducate the public. Most people are not just comfortable in their ignorance, but hostile to anyone who points it out. During a time of political upheaval and suppression, Plato wrote the Allegory of the Cave. It would forever change the course of Western Civilization development, leaving a mark on the minds that followed. The Allegory of the Cave was written during a period of Greek history known as the Classical Age. Greek history begins around 2000 BCE, when the first Indo-European settlers appearedRead MoreEgyptian Contributions And Greek Culture1678 Words   |  7 Pageswere critical to the development of Greek culture. The Nile Valley civilization is the basis of philosophy, science, and medicine that is often times solely credited to the Greeks. PURPOSE STATEMENT After thorough research and analysis the Nile Valley Contributions to Greek civilization are evident. THE BEGINNINGS Ancient Greece is regarded as the beginnings of advanced sciences and philosophies and the fundamentals of the western world. For years, Greek culture has been taught in schools and heldRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Life?1274 Words   |  6 Pagesmight influence people in different ways due to, its history, religion, philosophy, tradition, and customs. Someone living in Asia will have a different opinion of a good life then someone living in Canada. Good life can also affect a group of people. Since people is influenced by the environment, a good environment could lead to happier people. A complete ruling system is also the key to good environment for people to live in. Plato and Aristotle are two philosopher that had great influence of theRead MoreHow Do the Ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Still Affect Us Today?1114 Words   |  4 PagesHow do Socrates, Platos and Aristotles ideas still affect us today? The most famous gift of Socrates to Western civilization is that of the Socratic Method. Socrates believed in deductive reasoning, or the need to reason about specific facts from principles. The Socratic Method involves the student in the learning process through questioning, and even when the teacher wishes the student to arrive at a specific answer, it is the student who is encouraged to draw the conclusion. The teacher doesRead MoreEssay on Greek Philosophy673 Words   |  3 PagesBecause their civilization placed less emphasis on religion and the masses didnt have to constantly answer to religious figures man had time to explore other things. Not only did Greek philosophy play an important role in Greek society, but its voice and influence has and will continue to reverberate throughout the ages. Modern philosophy has its roots in a small city called Miletus, which was controlled by Greece but was not part of Greece proper, in fact it was on the western coast of AsiaRead MorePlato s Apology And Crito983 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the history of western civilization, religion and politics have been put together and associated with the major historical events that have marked the history of humanity on earth. In the following written works, Plato’s Apology and Crito, The Gospel According to Mark, and Dante’s Inferno, religion and politics are shown to be intertwined, which emphasizes the impact of each individual character in each written work. Also, these written works explain how politics are affected by religion

Pastoral Care And Social Conflict - 1786 Words

Pastoral Care and Social Conflict By Keith L. Green Pamela D. Couture and Rodney J. Hunter did an outstanding job of reflecting on the way pastoral care was executed in the church in the past; they were especially effective with comparing and contrasting it the social, economic, and cultural issues people are faced with today. As a result of some of these issues people have suffered- Black people in particular. This suffering sparked a need for change. The authors observe several of these issues such as: race, single parenting, and post-modern family, among others. In doing so, they focus on the pastoral work of Charles V. Gerkin by reviewing numerous essays of people from different walks of life. They discuss some of the traditional patterns in contemporary pastoral care, which has become a challenge, and in some cases a hindrance for doing ministry work in society today. In the work of Charles â€Å"Chuck† Gerkin, he draws upon the Gadamerian hermeneutical method, which is aimed toward a â€Å"fusion of horizons† of Christian story and human story. While he valued the individual conversations of chaplaincy and pastoral counseling, he also challenged pastoral care to consider the congregational, social institutional and cultural aspect of its work. Drawing upon the work of critical theory and of Erich Fromm in particular, Chuck was concerned with criticism of social institutions as they perpetuated injustice. He looked as did others in the immediate post-World War II era,Show MoreRelatedCommunication Strategy in Pastoral Counseling2804 Words   |  12 PagesCS in PC 1 Communication Strategy; Use in Pastoral Counseling Rosa Menchen COMM 200 Instructor B. Matts May 24, 2010 CT in PC 2 I not only plan on furthering my career, but attending post graduate school, and obtain a MDiv. My ultimate goal is to become a health care chaplain, and/or an emergency chaplain. Having previous experience in the health care field, as well as a chaplaincy in the American Legion for several years, I have found that pursuit of this goal would not onlyRead MoreSpiritual Needs Assessment Tool1584 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: THE SPIRITUAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT TOOL The Spiritual Needs Assessment Tool Grand Canyon University Spirituality in Health Care HLT-310V September 06, 2011 The Spiritual Needs Assessment Tool For health care providers to deliver the best holistic care that patients deserve, a thorough spiritual assessment must be included during their care. With more research showing a relationship between supporting a patient’s spirituality with their health and ability to cope with illnessRead MoreCounseling993 Words   |  4 Pagesmake decisions and resolve conflicts. Counselors provide service on different settings like the workplace, schools, colleges and other places as well. They also provide this service to families, groups or individuals. The most recent trends in counseling are through the internet and counseling in the community. These trends cover different parts of the community like business, career centers, religious organizations, and local neighborhood comprehensive health care centers. For instance,Read MoreHow Pastoral Care Policy Has Contributed to the Management of Junior Secondary Schools In Botswana23474 Words   |  94 PagesResearch questions 11 1.5 Definition of key terms 12 1.6 Acronyms: 12 1.7 Significance of the study 13 1.8 Limitations 14 1.9 Delimitations 14 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 15 2.0 INTRODUCTION 15 2.1 The origin of pastoral care 15 2.2 What is pastoral care? 16 2.3 Perceptions about implementation of PC in schools 17 2.3.1 International Perspectives 17 2.3.2 Different perspectives about benefits of PCP. 19 2.3. Challenges of implementing PCP 20 2.3.4 Conclusion 22 2.4 BotswanaRead MoreThe Heemer Essay examples708 Words   |  3 Pagesusing the 5 basic themes of AP World. Theme 1 is Interaction Between Humans and the Environment. Theme 2 is Development and Interaction of Cultures. Theme 3 is State-Building, Expansion and Conflict. Theme 4 is Creation, Expansion and Interaction of Economic Systems. Theme 5 is Development and Transformation of Social Structures. All of these themes apply in the movie Hotel Rwanda. Hotel Rwanda portrays how the Rwandan Civil War went down and how the Milles Collines helped save many Hutus from being killedRead MoreCatholic Social Teaching1742 Words   |  7 PagesSocial doctrine of the church as a social instrument of the new evangelization Three terms are present in the title of this issue: two explicit (social doctrine of the church and new evangelization) and an implicit (evangelization). We can’t talk about the new evangelization without connecting it with the evangelization itself; the relationship between the church’s social doctrine and the new evangelization comes through the evangelization. The first thing it’s the evangelization, the most originalRead MoreConcept of Critical Care1266 Words   |  6 PagesCONCEPT OF CRITICAL CARE Critical care nursing is that specialty within nursing that deals specifically with human responses to life-threatening problems. * As defined by the World Federation of Critical Care Nurses: Specialized nursing care of critically ill patients who have manifest or potential disturbances of vital organ functions. Critical care nursing means assisting, supporting and restoring the patient towards health, or to ease the patient’s pain and to prepare them for a dignifiedRead MoreThere Was Only One Lead By Pastor Marc1376 Words   |  6 PagesIn 2016: there was only one lead by Pastor Marc. Once the coaching relationship began staff meetings happened every Tuesday unless there was a scheduling conflict and if that happened they were moved to Thursday. 2015:   1/13,1/20,2/3, 2/10,3/10, 5/2, 11/10, 11/17, 12/1, 12/8, 12/15 (remember pastor began his leave in August) In 2014 the staff meetings were more frequent. 2014: 1/14, 1/21, 2/4, 2/18, 2/25, 3/11, 3/18, 4/9, 4/15, 4/22, 4/29, 5/13, 5/20, 6/3, 6/10, 7/1, 7/8, 7/15, 8/5, 8/26Read MorePastoral Care and Counseling Essay5654 Words   |  23 PagesIntroduction Pastoral care and Counseling is one of the important ministries in the Church at any place in the world. Our churches are filled with people who experience crisis, lost, loneliness, anxiety, depression, divorced, and family problems. Pastors have a huge opportunity to help people just by listening and encouraging those in household of faith. In some cases it is just enough to listen and teach biblical principles of living but in the other cases there is the need to be specifically trainRead MoreThe Role Of Leadership As A Leader1728 Words   |  7 Pagesconstitutes a death wish for a church. â€Å"Leaders create conditions that make something new possible.† In other words, a congregational leader is not afraid of the conflict that arises by a truthful evaluation of the establishment, but rather uses the conflict as a means to teach and wrestle with truth. The partnership of truth, evaluation, conflict, response, and vision encompass a process by which a leader facilitates the development of vision. In healthy congregations, there is always push back to change

Erika Accident free essay sample

The vessel had broken in two spilling an amount close to 19800 tones of heavy fuel oil. Additionally 6400 tones remained in the bow section of the sunken vessel and approximately 4800 tones in the stern section. Even though all crew members were rescued, this event would inevitably turn out to a huge disaster. Most of all because of the environmental consequences of the oil spill. In this paper I will first of all stress out the effects on the environment caused by the oil spill. Then, the regulations that were applied to the incident under consideration will be analyzed. Moreover I will point out the problems which arise from the incident. Finally I will evaluate measures taken with the aim of avoiding any similar future incidents. The tragic event of the tanker vessel Erika had a tremendous impact in the environment. As shown in the appendix, the catastrophe in the waters, the coasts and of course the sea life from the oil spill was huge. We will write a custom essay sample on Erika Accident or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yet, this wasn’t the only effect that this incident caused. The economic consequences were enormous affecting the fishing and the tourist sector for many years. The already existing rules should be reinforced. The reaction of the European commission to the report of the Erika accident was very quick and decisive. The first thing they did, three months after the oil spill, was to adopt a series of proposals regarding the maritime safety of the European coastlines. Then, in December 2000, a second set of proposals with rules and regulations was launched. Finally, in 2005 the commission adopted more measures that were part of the third Erika package. These three set of rules were named Erika I package, Erika II package and Erika III accordingly and will be described further on. All packages were a response to the Erika accident and their aim was to set more strict rules regarding the protection of the environment and the compensation of the oil spill – victims. Erica I package: The main goal of the first Erika package was to improve, quality wise, the controls of vessels in ports which up until that time had proven to be inadequate. The quality controls would become more strict and thorough. If a vessel, subject to a control, was found to be of lower standards, than the ones set by the port state control, then it would be obliged to go through stringent annual inspections. The inspections would be more sufficient examining the vessel for deficiencies and elements that could be of any threat for the safety of the crew members and the environment. Also, some other factors may attract more inspections for a vessel. The fact that a vessel is old (more than approximately 15 years), or flies a flag of convenience, or possibly has testimonies from its own workers for deficiencies inside the vessel will be subject to more inspections. In the table bellow we can see the number of detentions related with the ship’s age.

Dorm Life Essay Example For Students

Dorm Life Essay Dorm LifeDorm life at Bowling Green State University is like most other colleges. Students that live in the dorms are known to become very close, often walking to classes together, playing sports, and staying up late for all night study sessions. The students that live in the dorms are in some sense, a society. Every person has a responsibility. Sometimes, if any one person does not complete what they are responsible for, the whole society has to pay. There can be many problems in a dorm. Students playing music too loud in their rooms after quiet hours, and not respecting others are examples of problems that only affect one or two people. Problems like leaving the hall a mess and leaving trash in the bathroom are problems that affect the whole dorm. By leaving trash in the hallway or in the bathrooms, the student runs the risk of being fined from the custodial services for having to take out the room trash. These fines are extremely harsh. At one point, a floor would be fined $11 for a custodial worker to have to pick up a pizza box. Other problems include plates, silverware, and trays from the dining hall winding up in the hallway, leaving the bathroom a mess, and vomiting. The whole floor is charged with this fine if the actual culprit isnt found. Durham 2Dorm policy is to fine the students on the floor that the incident occurred on. These fines can become quite excessive, sometimes exceeding $500 per semester. A student cannot receive his or her final grades for the year unless these fines are paid in whole. This brings up the question, Is it right for all the students on the floor to be fined if only one or a few of the residents went against the rules? Should a few bad apples ruin the whole bunch? I think not. I feel that someone should address the problem by holding monthly, if not weekly meetings to inform the students that they need to take their trash out instead of placing it in the bathroom. Students need to be told that trays and all other silverwar e and plates need to be returned to the dining hall. Repetition is the key. If the solution is pounded and pounded into the students heads, then they will begin to obey. A hall director could also keep the students thinking by reminding them how much the floor owes, and what their share is. Constant reminders will deter the students from breaking the rules. Another, the idea of Terri Capellman, graduate hall director of Compton Hall in the Kreischer Quad at BGSU, is to install cameras to catch the violators in the act. The sight of a camera watching the hallway would be enough to prevent trash being left in the hallway, potential acts of vandalism and theft. Either of these two potential solutions would work, but have we confronted the real question? Who should pay for all the damage that occurs in the residence halls?If there is an emergency after the hour of 12 a.m. to 8 a.m. on a Thursday, Friday, Saturday, or Sunday night, then an Emergency Maintenance custodian has to come and Durham 3fix the problem. This person is of course paid for their overtime. An emergency maintenance custodian can be called in at any time of the night. If an emergency maintenance custodian is needed, then they are paid for 4 hours of regular time, no matter how long they stay there. The starting wage for a full time custodian is $9.93/hour. (Payroll Office Statistic) This means that the custodian was paid at least $39.72 to come in and clean up something that could have taken ten minutes to clean up such as broken glass. The students on the violating floor are charged for this salary. The custodians may say that the wages they are given for coming in at unacceptable hours of the night are legit. They seem extreme to me. I think that the custodians should of course be paid extra for coming in at such late hours, but maybe not as much as is said. A reasonable wage for an emergency maintenance custodian is $30. Keep in mind that the $9.93 is a starting wage, and since we are at a sta te funded university, those wages get raised in no time. A good pay for an emergency maintenance custodian would be $19.86/hour. This is double what they make during the day and there is no additional cost for time that is not spent on working. A solution to the whole emergency maintenance deal is to have one of the night guards or an on duty resident advisor clean up the mess. There are always three night guards on duty from the hours of 12 a.m. to 4 a.m. The job of these people is to check in residents coming in after the hour of midnight. Does the front desk really need 3 people doing the work of two? Durham 4An on duty RA that has nothing to do could also be a possible solution for the cleanup. On most nights the on duty RA has nothing to do, but they are being paid for doing it. Put them to work. Trash and trays left in the hallway are not the only things that a custodian might have to clean up. As you may know, drinking is quite common among college students. If a resident wer e to puke due to the consumption of too much alcohol after the hour of 12 a.m. then once again the emergency maintenance custodian would have to be called once again. .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe , .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe .postImageUrl , .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe , .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe:hover , .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe:visited , .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe:active { border:0!important; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe:active , .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub7ceff3fcdcfd347ba9c99f85bbdf1fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal Cruelty And Family Violence Essay All of these violations do not make hall directors happy. They are the ones that control the budgets of the residence halls. If too much money is being spent in one area of the dorm, then the students have to pay. If there is a complaint of trash or trays in one of the bathrooms, then the students have to pay. Why should all the residents have to pay for something that one person did? According to the BGSU student handbook, the policy is this way because the students are the ones that know who is committing all these violations. When the students see others committing a violation of the rules, they should take action by telling the person politely that the fine for what he or she is doing will be assessed to the whole floor. If the violator is outnumbered, he or she might feel pressured to obey the wishes of his or her peers. In conclusion, it should be shown that the individual student should not be fined for something that one of their peers did. I have given a few solutions of how to cut costs for the residence halls so the students do not have to be fined as much. I understand that someone has to pay for the damage that is made but I also think that it should be the person or persons that commit the crime. I am a college student and my floor has already accumulated well over $2000 dollars so far this school year. I feel that it is not fair that I have to pay for something that I didnt do. Pop cans, Styrofoam cups and trays make the dorm look like a junkyard. The ultimate thing that needs to happen is the students need to take responsibility for their own actions.

The Untenable Developmental State Economic Model

Introduction The developmental state is a term used to describe industrialised and rapidly developing economies. In these economies, policies that bring rapid economic change are formulated and implemented by the governments concerned.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Untenable Developmental State Economic Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Previously, the term developmental state was used to describe the East Asian economies such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong and even Japan and China, where governmental policies played a vital role in the exponential economic growth of these countries from the early eighties. Chalmers Johnson, an eminent Political scientist who did large quantities of research on Asian economies, first used â€Å"Developmental State† as a term in his book MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stubbs 2009, p.4). However, the term has lately been used to describe states outsi de Asia that have similar development styles, such as Botswana in Africa and some Latin American countries. The rapid industrialization and economic growth that characterised the East Asian economies were of much interest to western scholars. According to Hayashi, there exists two types of criticism for the developmental state (2010, p.46). The first type states that, developmental states are not a decisive factor in economic growth and that other developing countries would do well to forgo the form of economic growth exhibited by development states. This is because, according to economists like Paul Krugman, development states had exhibited a sham growth that did not take into account a concept known as total factor productivity, where all variables that play a part in economic growth are included in the calculation of growth and GDP. According to Krugman therefore, these developmental states would soon crumble under illusionary the weight of the deceptive economic growth. The seco nd class of criticism states that, although a slight level of growth was achieved by the developmental states in the eighties and nineties, such a model of economic growth is no longer viable in today’s globalized world.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The emergence of the developmental states of East Asia was in a sense a rebellion from the economic models practiced by the former colonial masters of these countries. According to Kim, these East Asian states desired to pursue unique economic strategies that were customised to fit the cultural, political and economic realities of East Asia, distinct from the policies advocated by fly-by-night western economists (2009, p.383). These countries felt that the economic practices proposed by their former colonial masters were far-removed from Asian realities, and purposed to chart their own paths towards industrialization an d economic growth. The Asian economic crisis of 1997-1998 affected most countries in Asia. Those severely affected were Thailand, South Korea, Indonesia and Malaysia. Other countries affected were The Philippines and Laos. India, Japan and China were less affected, but suffered a loss of confidence in their markets. Therefore, the crisis’ reach spanned the entire Asian continent. Eventually, as the crisis deepened, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) had to step in and bail out some of these economies. During the years when the model of the developmental state was being touted as one of the best models that a country in need of rapid industrialization and economic growth could adopt, the East Asian countries served as the prototypical examples. The general belief was that these countries had sound fiscal policies and the high-capital flows into these countries were evidence of investor confidence in the said policies. However, when the crisis began, the model of the develop mental state, especially when juxtaposed with countries in the west with differing economic policies, did not appear as reliable and stable as earlier thought. Additionally, because of the intervention of the IMF, and the subsequent actions by these countries in adopting policies proposed by the IMF, the developmental state as a model of growth for developing countries needs re-thinking. In light of these developments since the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998, the notion of the developmental state, as a model for growth, is economically nonviable. Moreover, the concept of globalization has rendered governmental influence on economic progress unfeasible. Additionally, because in the aftermath of the financial crisis the Asian states affected adopted western economic structures and policies, the notion of the developmental state as a model for rapid industrialization is unsustainable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Untenable Developmental State Eco nomic Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prior to 1997-1998 Financial Crisis During the 1980s and early 1990s, Asian countries attracted foreign investors in droves. Countries like Indonesia, Thailand and South Korea posted double-digit growth rates for many consecutive years (Stubbs 2011, p.155). This seeming economic boom saw high interest rate returns for investors, and capital inflows to these countries increased. These Asian countries, especially South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore earned the admiration of the IMF and the World Bank, and were given the moniker â€Å"Asian Tigers† to describe their successful and aggressive growth towards industrialization. The 1997-98 Asian Financial Crisis The 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis began in Thailand, where due to the country’s massive foreign debt, its currency was rendered valueless. Soon the effects of Thailand’s currency collapse spread to other As ian nations, and countries such as China and Japan, though relatively less so, were also affected. Because of the significant investments made by international and foreign investors in these economies, the IMF had to step in to pre-empt a worldwide financial crisis. The IMF started a bail out program for the economies of South Korea, Indonesia, Thailand and other affected nations. South Korea As one of the countries that was most affected by the crisis, South Korea accepted the IMF bail out funds in order to restore its economy. The immediate aftermath of the crisis was an increase in the level of unemployment in the country; the IMF request to reduce public spending and downsize workers in the public sector only worsened matters. Additionally, many of the large corporations in the country had chalked up astronomical debts and were nearing insolvency when the crisis began. Government efforts to shore up the activities of conglomerates such as Kia motors, the country’s largest car marker at the time, had served to laden the company with poor debt. Typical of developmental states, the South Korean government had made efforts to bail out the company prior to the crisis.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Jung and Clark, many South Koreans believe the IMF intervention worsened the crisis, with some going as far as blaming the IMF for instigating the crisis (2010, p.30). Indeed, even though South Korea accepted the bail out money from IMF, it did not strictly adhere to the conditions set by the monetary institution (Su-Hsing Ming-Jang 2010, p.175). For instance, the government rejected the condition of reducing its public spending, and on the contrary offered welfare funds to the needy and others most affected by the crisis. In the long term, the stance of the government bore fruit, and by the year 2007, the South Korean economy was again recording consistently high levels of growth. Thailand Thailand’s economic growth prior to the financial crisis of 1997-98 was one of the highest in the world. As the epicentre of the financial crisis, panic began through investor speculation on the strength of the country’s currency. The central bank, in the face of massi ve lay offs and loss of jobs and businesses, refused to devalue the currency. Thereafter, many of the country’s financial and industrial institutions collapsed, and more workers lost their jobs. A high number of expatriate workers also left the country. By December 1997, the government of Thailand accepted bail out packages from the IMF, and implemented the conditions that the IMF set for granting the funds. These conditions included limited government spending, high taxation, and maintaining high interest rates. Additionally, all institutions and firms that could not sustain themselves and were insolvent were not to be bailed out. Within seven years of implementing these measures, Thailand was firmly on the road to economic recovery, and paid its IMF debt within the stipulated period. Indonesia Indonesia’s financial crisis was least expected amongst the Asian nations. Indonesia, unlike other East Asian nations that were affected by the crisis, had low inflations, a st able currency, adequate foreign reserves, and its currency’s exchange rate to the dollar was stable. However, financial contagion stemming from Thailand’s collapse led to speculative ambushes on the rupiah, Indonesia’s currency. Soon the country’s premier stock exchange reached its lowest points in history, and the political class, led by the president, decided to accept IMF’s bail out funds of $20 billion dollars. The crisis claimed several political scalps, including that of President Suharto. The president, in an attempt to contain the crisis, had earlier sacked the central Bank governor whom he accused of formulating defective policies that failed to arrest the economic decline that was plaguing the country. Malaysia Prior to the crisis, Malaysia attracted large foreign investment. Like other developmental states, government hand in promoting the country as an investment hub was significant in attracting high numbers of foreign investors. The K uala Lumpar Stock exchange at the time was the most active in the world. However, in 1998, due to the effects of the financial crisis in other East Asian nations, the Malaysian economy went into recession. Industrial sectors like the construction industry, one of the foremost industries in the country, shrunk massively. Massive lay offs and downsizing of staff followed. The government intervened to slow the currency’s decline against the dollar. Malaysian economic authorities formed task forces to oversee he stabilization of the economy, and Malaysia was the only country to decline aid from the IMF. By the year 2005, measures to contain the crisis had taken effect, and the Malaysian currency was de-linked from its previous fixed exchange status. China, Japan and the USA China was not intensely affected by the financial crisis. Its currency, at the time, traded at about 8 RMB to the dollar. However, due to the decline in the relative value of most Asian currencies occasioned b y the crisis, China was faced with the need of devaluing its own currency so that its exports could remain competitive. Chinese authorities decided not to devaluate the currency, and in the end, China was able to survive the financial crisis with the barest of losses to its economy and prestige. Japanese investments in other Asian nations suffered because of the collapse of these economies during and after the financial crisis. Additionally, in 1998 the economy suffered a recession due to low foreign exchange occasioned by competition from cheaper sources of goods from other Asian nations. In the US, although the economy did not undergo a recession, fears of collapse fuelled by the crisis occurring in Asia led to the brief suspension of trading at the New York Stock Exchange. Similarly, the country experienced reduced consumer spending amid speculation of the outcome of the Asian financial crisis. Lessons Learnt Prior to the financial crisis of 1997, these East Asian economies were believed to have implemented sound fiscal policies that would forestall the occurrence of a financial crisis. Therefore, even the most ardent sceptics of the â€Å"Asian miracle† like Paul Krugman could not predict the scope and intensity of the crisis. According to Ka Ho, Lawler, and Hinz, the Asian financial crisis worsened the existing social gaps that existed priors to the crisis (2009, p.146). Educational opportunities for the poor became limited, and access to social services was hindered by the lack of funds in government treasuries in these Asian nations (Ramesh 2009, p. 80). The IMF intervention was conditional, and the nations affected had to pursue frugality measures crafted by the IMF in order to reduce public spending, increase revenue and restore investor confidence. The Role of the IMF As earlier stated, one of the main reasons that the Asian states pursued the developmental state economic model was a desire to curve out economic paths that remained true to Asi an conditions. For many of the countries in Asia, simply following western models of economic growth was not tenable. Therefore, adoption of the developmental state model by these countries was, as much an act of defiance, as it was a pursuit of a unique economic growth model. The IMF’s role in reducing the effects of the financial crisis through bailing out these economies took several angles. The conditions set by the IMF served to achieve certain purposes, which many in the Asian region felt was a form of neo-colonialism, and a movement towards a form of economic models many Asians countries had strived so hard to disassociate with – the western model. Westernized Financial and Banking Institutions Ultimately, the IMF wanted the Asian nations affected by the crisis to adopt financial models moulded in the form of those found in Europe and the USA. As far as the IMF was concerned, the developmental state models had failed at its most critical point. The financial cri sis that plagued Asian nations, which until the actual crisis began were believed to be examples in sound financial and economic management, was proof of failure of the developmental state model for the economic growth. Therefore, the IMF facilitated bail out funds with conditions that required these countries to restructure their economic and financial institutions, industries and policies. According to Pettis, emerging economies that pursue aggressive policies aimed at industrialization have to be aware of imminent collapse wrought by unstable institutions (2001, p.17). Pettis states that, countries that industrialize over a long period are better placed to deal with sudden economic shocks because the economic industries in these countries usually stabilize over long periods, enough to withstand sudden economic shocks. Therefore, the IMF’s role was to steer these economies away from the developmental state model and towards a more western economic orientation. Transparency A strong feature of the developmental state is a lack of financial openness to foreigners or the outside world. Whenever government is involved in economic matters, many times the need to pursue genuine economic policies and the desire to placate the electoral masses usually conflict. Subsequently, many developmental states find themselves issuing economic data that the masses and the electorate will find pleasant, while hiding or failing to disclose economic data that may place the government in a negative light (de Boyrie 2009, p.5). Indeed, developmental states tend to have minimal democratic practices, and sometimes need to maintain a positive economic image for the public and investors overrides the need for full disclosure (Pempel 1999, p.14). Some analysts believe that one of the reasons that remarkably few economists predicted the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 was because the data that the economists worked with was not comprehensive. Therefore, while these economies w ere given a clean bill of health in the economic books of western scholars as late as 1996, the real data or economic trends that would have allowed for some sort of prediction was overlooked, or simply unavailable for outside scrutiny. Therefore, one of the conditions set by the IMF was that the financial institutions that were to be given the bail out money would disclose all their financial activities, and such activities should henceforth be subject to public scrutiny (Best 2010, p.30). As shown in the economic data of the countries that were affected by the Asian financial crisis of 97-98 in this paper, all of these countries showed healthy economic data prior to the crisis. Even Thailand, the country that precipitated the crisis, enjoyed an economic growth rate of 9% in the year preceding the financial crisis. The belief that the governments of these countries had withheld crucial data that would have pre-empted the crisis thus holds water. Restoration of Confidence in Asian M arkets In order to facilitate quick economic recovery and restore investor confidence in the Asian markets, the IMF proposed measures to realise the same. In countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea, the beginning of the financial crisis saw them hold remarkably little in foreign reserves. Therefore, the IMF instructed these countries to maintain high interest rates to ensure that their respective domestic currencies remained in the hands of locals, thereby maintaining confidence in these currencies. Similarly, the crisis led to a reduction in capital flow to the Asian region, and fearful of speculative buying and withdrawal of investments that would bring a global crisis, the IMF sought to restore investor confidence in the Asian markets as soon as was practically possible (Kaufman, Krueger, Hunter 1999, p.35). In the pursuit of restoring investor confidence, the Asian economies that accepted bail out money from the IMF resorted to adopting financial practices simila r to those of western societies like the US. Vindication of the Western Model over the Developmental State Model Ultimately, the fact that these Asian states accepted bail out funds in order to restore their economies points to a victory of the western route towards economic progress and industrialization over the developmental state model. The policies pushed by the IMF, and adopted by these countries, ultimately worked. In essence, the developmental state model failed when it mattered most. Globalization and the Notion of the Developmental State The Asian Financial crisis of 1997-1998 had profound effects on the social, economic and political sectors of the East Asian economies. The immediate aftermath of the crisis saw these states grapple with massive unemployment, lack of access to social services and increased poverty rates. Since the crisis, changes in the modus operandi of world economies, precipitated by technological advances, have ushered in global markets for national ec onomies. Through globalization, traditional country boundaries that restricted trade have been eliminated, and business transactions across national barriers are common and necessary. According to Green, globalization is changing the way countries run their economies and industries in Asia (2007, p.25). Outsourcing of labour across national boundaries, exchange of goods and services over the Internet and technological transfer have all contributed to creating economies that rely less on governmental policy and more on the individual innovativeness of citizens. Conclusion Certainly, the East Asian developmental states prior to the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-198-98 were models on achieving high economic growth and rapid industrialization. Variously called the ‘Asian miracle’, â€Å"Asian tigers’ and other such epithets, analysts of these economies prior to the crisis were confident in the model as a vehicle towards economic progress. However, the financia l crisis of 1997-1998 calls for a re-think concerning the efficacy of the developmental state as a model for economic and industrial growth. As discussed in this paper, the financial crisis called into question various attributes of the developmental state. Overall, the inability of these developmental states to secure their economies by themselves and only doing so through the assistance of worldwide monetary institutions such as the IMF indicates a considerable failure of the development state notion (Muchhala 2007, p.45). The intervention by the IMF, and the subsequent policies adopted by these states, point to the weaknesses in the development state model. Firstly, in order to recover from the financial crisis, these states had to acquire financial models similar to those of the western world. This indicates a failure of the financial model espoused in developmental states. Secondly, these states had to pen up their economy for more intense international scrutiny. Thirdly, these states had to restore confidence in their markets by practicing policies such as implementing high interest rates, an idea prevalent in western economic policies. Ultimately, because these states had to forgo their developmental state models in order to recover from the financial crisis, the developmental state model thus becomes effectively redundant. Finally, as discussed in the paper, the changes in world economic practices have served to obviate the need for adoption of a development state model for economic growth. Globalization has shattered traditional trade and economic activity beliefs. In the present day, economic transactions rely less on governmental regulation, and more business activities are carried out across national and international boundaries than ever before. Such open, quick and innovative transactions carried out over the Internet and through technological transfers have placed market forces firmly out of the hands of governments. The notion of the developmen tal state thus belongs to a bygone era. Reference List Best, J., 2010. The Limits of Financial Risk Management: Or what we didn’t learn from The Asian Crisis. New Political Economy, 15(1), pp. 29-49. de Boyrie, M., 2009. Structural Changes, Causality, and Foreign Direct Investments: Evidence from the Asian Crises of 1997. Global Economy Journal, 9(4), pp. 1-38. Green, A., 2007. Globalisation and the changing nature of the state in East Asia.  Globalisation, Societies Education, 5(1), pp. 23-38. Hayashi, S., 2010. The developmental state in the era of globalization: beyond the Northeast Asian model of political economy. Pacific Review, 23(1), pp. 45-69. Jung, C., Clark, C., 2010. The Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on Budget Politics in South Korea. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 37(1), pp. 27-45. Ka Ho, M., Lawler, J., Hinz, S., 2009. Economic Shocks in Education: Analysis of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and Lessons for Today. Global Social Policy, 9(2), pp. 145-173. Kaufman, G, Krueger, T, Hunter, C 1999. The Asian Financial Crisis: Origins,  Implications and Solutions. New York: Springer. Kim, W., 2009. Rethinking Colonialism and the Origins of the Developmental State in East Asia.† Journal of Contemporary Asia, 39(3), pp. 382-399. Muchhala, B., 2007. Ten Years After: Revisiting the Asian Financial Crisis. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Asia Program. Pempel, T., 1999. The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Pettis, M., 2001. The Volatility Machine: Emerging Economies and the Threat of  Financial Collapse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ramesh, M., 2009. Economic Crisis and its Social Impacts: Lessons from the 1997 Asian Economic Crisis. Global Social Policy, 9(2), pp. 79-99. Stubbs, R., 2009. What ever happened to the East Asian Developmental State? The Unfolding debate. Pacific Review, 22(1), pp. 1-22. Stubbs, R., 2011. The East Asian develop mental state and the Great Recession: Evolving contesting coalitions. Contemporary Politics, 17(2), pp. 151-166. Su-Hsing, H., Ming-Jang, W., 2010. Did IMF Put Out the Fire or Start One when the Financial Crisis Struck Asia? International Research Journal of Finance   Economics, 40(6), pp. 172-183. This essay on The Untenable Developmental State Economic Model was written and submitted by user Kat1eP0wer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

General Training Essay Writing Samples

General Training Essay Writing SamplesGeneral training essay writing samples are a great resource for IELTS students to use as they create their essays. This type of resource is incredibly helpful when trying to get a few practice papers together for your test. The information contained in these resources are used and tested by many IELTS students every day, so you can be assured that they will be a valuable tool.One of the most important things to remember is that all of these types of resources are for IELTS level two or above. Some resources for IELTS level one will contain passages that were created specifically for this level. You should only take a look at those resources that you understand have been created by people who have successfully passed the exam.Some of the best general training essay writing samples will be created by IELTS students who have taken this test several times before. These tests are usually relatively easy, and you will need to know what works. That is w hy taking a look at others' essays can be so useful.By looking at other people's essays, you can make sure that the questions and topics are similar. This means that you will not spend your time trying to figure out a format that is not very helpful. You can also determine which elements you should concentrate on.Some of the best general training essay writing samples will include an example answer for each question. This will help you be familiar with what you should be doing if you understand the question. In addition, you will be able to see how you should compose your own answers, as well as what you should avoid doing.Practice writing questions and essays by getting some practice tests. You can take some test papers and write them as if you were preparing for the actual test. This will give you a feel for what things you need to think about, and also a way to find areas where you might be lacking.If you do not have enough experience in writing essays or if you are new to the En glish language, it can be helpful to find some free resources online. A lot of websites offer sample essays, and even lists of questions. You can also use some of these resources to practice when it comes to preparing for an actual test.The most important thing to remember when looking at general training essay writing samples is that you should be familiar with grammar and punctuation. As a lot of these resources are meant to be used in preparation for a real exam, you will want to make sure that you have done your homework beforehand. However, there are plenty of resources available online, and you should be able to find the information that you need to prepare for the real exam.

10 Topics on African American Literature for Literary Analysis

10 Topics on African American Literature for Literary Analysis If you are tasked with writing a literary analysis on African American literature, your goal is to review the literary devices that a specific author or, in some cases, multiple authors use to convey details about their story. It is important that you rely upon facts to do this, and below you will find ten great facts you can use in your next writing assignment: All of the great African American monologues and pieces of narration from main characters will often give the reader or the viewer a tremendous amount of information that really helps the story to move forward and explains a lot about the individual character. It is for this reason that the works by Toni Morrison offer so much narration from the characters, affording the reader great insight into the story just by reading one perspective. In African American literature a universal theme is not something related to space travel, but is instead the meaning of a story or play that can be appreciated and understood within any culture or society. For example, the theme of loyalty and love that is the heart of â€Å"The African American Book of Values† is one of the reasons that the tale has been able to remain so popular for so many centuries. Literary works that demonstrate a single universal theme may not be similar at all because they all focus on the universal theme of â€Å"coming of age†. This means, in a universal way, the transition from childhood to adulthood. In literary terms, it can also mean that a main character will have gone through a massive transformation by the end of the story and usually learned valuable lessons. This is seen in many pieces by Richard Wright and Maya Angelou who both portray coming of age within different circumstances. African American writers will frequently use time or a sequence of events to tell their tales. They don’t always follow the linear path the time does, however. For example, in the famous book â€Å"Father Found† the story takes place over a single timeline, but the reader is bounced around from a variety of different locations and times without losing track of the storyline, thanks to the author’s expert abilities. There are other literary devices that authors can use to create their particular sequence of events, and most will steer away from the old-fashioned â€Å"start to finish† for valid reasons. For example, an author might rely on something known as â€Å"foreshadowing† to warn or clue the reader that something is likely to happen. African American writers can use traits, plots, genres, and dialogue of all kinds to move the story forward or to help the audience to really understand the heroes of the tale. They also use some alternative devices to ensure that they convey their theme and really get their point across. Symbolism is found in the book â€Å"Walking on Water† wherein the African American author uses objects or locations to convey some sort of major plot point, theme and concept related to the tale. â€Å"Remembering Slavery† is a great place to find a lot of figurative language. For instance, you will read a lot of lines that compare things to one another and use phrases such as â€Å"like† and â€Å"as† in order to do so. These descriptions might be describing the ferocity of slavery, the way sleep descends on a character or experience of a great joy. African American authors rely upon textual impact regularly in their work. When an aspect of the work is not plainly spoken, this is done intentionally by the author. For example, Zora Neale Hurston used such devices as ambiguity whereby she relied upon unclear language for some scenes. This enabled her to point something out in her work without obviously stating it. She also used subtlety and in doing so, picked gentle phrasing in order to suggest something or point something out, rather than bluntly throwing it in the face of the reader. Alice Walker took great strides with the narrator in her works. The narrator is the â€Å"voice† that is giving a first person version of the story. This does not mean that the narrator should always be trusted and there are many ways that writers will use narrators to impact their stories. It is the writer’s prerogative to select the voice, personality, and general characterization of the narrator. Langston Hughes engaged in a great deal of beat poetry and literature and in doing so, capitalized upon the elements of a scene to get his ideas across to the reader. He used dialogue as a key element in his books and plays in order to avoid telling his readers exactly what his characters were feeling or thinking, but rather, to convey the most relevant points without being too descriptive. His most successful dialogue was not simplistic in nature, but allowed the reader to follow his story by way of his characters’ actions and their words simultaneously. He also relied upon scene designs, asides, and character foils to convey some of his points. E. B. Du Bois was famous for the aesthetics of his work. His aesthetics have long been viewed as a sort of philosophy that looks at art through a â€Å"lens† focused on beauty. When it is used to analyze literature, an aesthetic view will normally consider the style of the writer and all of their choices. The language chosen by W. E. B. Du Bois was very specific and intentional too. He understood that a work is often analyzed according to the â€Å"aesthetic approach† and this means that the diction of the characters, the themes, mood, tone, and figurative language used in the work will be used to measure the quality of it. In his literary works he was able to use the words in a way that allowed the characters to speak beautifully, convey the tone or mood of the play, and also employ figurative descriptions too. We hope these facts will prove useful for your custom essay. What you can also use is our set of 20 topics on African American literature with 1 sample essay and our guide on literary analysis paper on these topics. References: Andrews, William L, Frances Smith Foster, and Trudier Harris.  The Oxford Companion To African American Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Print. Andrews, William L, Frances Smith Foster, and Trudier Harris.  The Concise Oxford Companion To African American Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Print. Balshaw, Maria.  Looking For Harlem. London: Pluto Press, 2000. Print. Bruce, Dickson D.  The Origins Of African American Literature, 1680-1865. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001. Print. Currie, Stephen.  African American Literature. Detroit: Lucent Books, 2011. Print. Gates, Henry Louis, and Nellie Y McKay.  The Norton Anthology Of African American Literature. Print. Warren, Kenneth W.  What Was African American Literature?. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011. Print.